भारत और अमेरिका ने छह अलग-अलग विवादों पर समझौता करके जो हासिल किया है वह अभूतपूर्व है

भारत और अमेरिका ने छह अलग-अलग विवादों पर समझौता करके जो हासिल किया है वह अभूतपूर्व है 

विश्व व्यापार संगठन (डब्ल्यूटीआईओ) में लंबे समय से चले आ रहे छह व्यापार का अंत 

प्रधान मंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी की अमेरिका की आधिकारिक आधिकारिक यात्रा के महत्वपूर्ण नतीजों में एक विश्व व्यापार संगठन (डब्ल्यूटीआईओ) में लंबे समय से चले आ रहे छह व्यापार मंडल को समाप्त करने का दोनों देशों का निर्णय था। 

डब्ल्यूटीआईओ अपीलीय निकाय 2019 से  निरर्थक हो गया है, और 'शून्य'  / void में दायर किया केस को विचार नहीं किया जाएगा  ।।

अपीलीय निकाय में अपील सुनने के लिए 'न्यायाधीशों' की नियुक्ति के कारण, इन विवादों का सार्थक समाधान लगभग नज़र से बाहर हो गया था

Three cases settled

as part of the deal are before the defunct Appellate Body, while the rest could have potentially been ‘appealed into the void’. In this context, what has been achieved by both sides is without a parallel.

The disputes

पहला केसपहला केस 

१ One of the early cases among the settled disputes involved a challenge of the domestic content requirements under India’s National Solar Mission. 

२ While disagreements persisted / कायम regarding India’s compliance with the WTO treaty obligations, the U.S. seeking authorisation from the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body for trade retaliation / प्रतिशोध , which India contested. 

India too challenged certain sub-federal programmes

implemented in the U.S. in the renewable energy sector and won the case. 

However, over time, some of the sub-federal schemes expired or were modified substantially, and the prospects of enforcing the WTO panel ruling became slim.

India can also breathe 

settling the challenges involving some of its foreign trade policy schemes, including the special economic zone (SEZ) and export-oriented unit schemes. 

In particular, certain corporate tax deductions provided under the SEZ scheme faced an uncertain future. 

While India’s appeal to the defunct Appellate Body

१ would have kept the dispute dormant सुप्त , India had voluntarily removed some controversial schemes,including the Merchandise Exports from India Scheme. 

२ India also initiated a comprehensive process to reform its SEZ law. However, perfect WTO compliance in the short run in the export subsidy proceedings would not have been easy for India.

 The first involved a challenge by India 

१ against the controversial Section 232 tariffs imposed under the U.S. Trade Expansion Act, 1962. 

२ The U.S. had imposed an additional duty of 25% on steel and 10% on aluminium, triggering a series of WTO challenges and unilateral trade responses.

 3 India considered these as safeguard measures and imposed retaliatory measures. 

4 The U.S. considered India’s retaliatory duties excessive, while India believed that it could retain these duties as long as the Section 232 tariffs remained. 

5 The U.S. will receive and consider requests for exclusions from Section 232 measures with approval rates of 70% for steel products and 80% for aluminium products from India

 6 While the importers in the U.S. have to file exclusions applications, the committed approval rates provide a tangible market access opportunity for India’s steel and aluminium exporters, who have experienced serious challenges in competing in the U.S. market.

the U.S. has received an assurance from India that it would remove the additional duties, which were retaliatory in nature, on certain U.S. agricultural imports which had suffered certain collateral damage on account of the Section 232 measures. 

India will now revert / return to the currently applied ‘most favoured nation’ (MFN) 

rate for eight products. In other words, India is only removing the retaliatory duties on these eight products and not offering any preferential concessions on them. The MFN-applied rates would continue to apply to these products.

A new chapter

 However, reaching a deal on six separate disputes covering a range of sectors and products is unprecedented.

 A greater use of diplomacy and bilateral negotiations can be more practically useful when adjudicatory outcomes are not immediately available or politically infeasible. 

In other words, the decision to end these disputes seeks to script a new chapter in India-U.S. trade relations and sets a template for other WTO members to emulate.

 As Commerce and Industries’ Minister Piyush Goyal noted, the disputes deal was struck at a time when India-U.S. trade relations are ‘scaling new heights’ and could ‘deepen greater economic engagements’.

source the hindu