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Showing posts from February, 2023
International courts and climate change
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International courts and climate change A group of 16 countries has launched a gallant effort to fight the problem of climate change — an existential threat to human civilisation — at the United Nations (UN). Led by Vanuatu — an island country in the South Pacific Ocean — the group seeks an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the issue of climate change. The ICJ has two types of jurisdictions: contentious and advisory. While contentious jurisdiction - refers to resolving legal disputes between consenting states, under advisory jurisdiction the UN General Assembly (UNGA), the Security Council (SC) and other specialised bodies of the organisation can request the ICJ for an opinion on a legal question. Unlike decisions given under the contentious jurisdiction, the ICJ’s advisory opinions are non-binding. Yet, they carry normative weight and clarify international law on a relevant issue. The ICJ’s ad...
Khera arrest
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Settling scores Khera arrest shows how partisan police action is a serious threat to liberty The brief arrest of Congress leader and its Media and Publicity Department chairman Pawan Khera after he was deboarded from a Raipur-bound flight, for an allegedly unsavoury remark against Prime Minister Narendra Modi, is yet another instance of how criminal law can be misused to settle political scores. His lawyers managed to obtain an order from the Supreme Court that ensured his interim bail, but the episode highlights the cavalier use of the power to arrest under political instruction. It is one thing to denounce ग़लत ठहराना; a comment as offensive or hurtful, but quite another to read into it crimes such as making assertions against national integration, outraging religious sentiments or causing enmity in society. It becomes an egregious ज़बरदस्त misuse of power if police from a distant State travel all the way to effect an unwarranted arrest based on a complai...
India’s R&D estimates are an incomplete picture
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India’s R&D estimates are an incomplete picture India’s research and development (R&D) expenditure-GDP ratio of 0.7% is very low when compared to major economies and is much below the world average of 1.8%. The main reason is the low investment in R&D by the corporate sector. While the corporate sector accounts for about two-thirds of gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) in leading economies, its share in India is just 37%. There is evidence, however, suggesting that India’s GERD data are an underestimate A 2022 infobrief of the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the United States on Foreign R&D by U.S.-based multinational corporations (MNCs) shows a spend of $9.5 billion (₹649.7 billion) on R&D in India in 2018, which increased to $9.8 billion (₹690.2 billion) in the following year. There are MNCs from other leading countries also spending on R&D in India. But the latest Research and Development Statist...
कार्बन ट्रेडिंग
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कार्बन ट्रेडिंग से भारत को जीवाश्म ईंधन से दूर जाने में तेजी लाने में मदद मिलनी चाहिए । उम्मीद की जाती है कि केंद्र इस साल के अंत में भारत में कार्बन ट्रेडिंग बाजार की बारीकियों को स्पष्ट करेगा। ऊर्जा संरक्षण अधिनियम में संशोधन, 2022 में पारित किया गया और अलग से, पेरिस और ग्लासगो समझौतों के माध्यम से जलवायु परिवर्तन पर संयुक्त राष्ट्र फ्रेमवर्क कन्वेंशन द्वारा अनुमोदन ने सुनिश्चित किया कि कार्बन बाजार (जहां 'कार्बन क्रेडिट' और 'उत्सर्जन प्रमाण पत्र' का व्यापार किया जा सकता है) अधिक वैश्विक मुद्रा प्राप्त की। 'कार्बन बाजार' एक कैच-ऑल शब्द है और इसमें स्पष्टता की आवश्यकता है, विशेष रूप से भारतीय संदर्भ में। एक दशक या उससे अधिक पहले, उनका मतलब स्टॉक-मार्केट जैसे एक्सचेंजों से था, जो 'कार्बन ऑफसेट' में कारोबार करते थे, जो स्वच्छ विकास तंत्र के तहत वैध थे। यहाँ, विकासशील देशों में औद्योगिक परियोजनाएँ जो ग्रीनहाउस गैस उत्सर्जन से बचती हैं, क्रेडिट के लिए पात्र थीं, जो सत्यापन के बाद, यूरोपीय कंपनियों को बेचा जा सकता था जो खुद उत्सर्जन में कटौती के बदले उन...
India can become a biodiversity champion
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India can become a biodiversity champion The sum and variation of our biological wealth, known as bio-diversity 1 is essential to the future of this planet. 2 The importance of our planet’s biodiversity was strongly articulated स्पष्ट रूप से कहना at the United Nations Biodiversity Conference in Montreal, Canada. 3 On December 19, 2022 188 country representatives adopted an agreement to “halt and reverse” biodiversity loss 🌺by conserving 30% of the world’s land 🌺and 30% of the world’s oceans by 2030, known as the 30×30 pledge. 4 India currently hosts 17% of the planet’s human population and 17% of the global area in biodiversity hotspots, placing it at the helm to guide the planet in becoming biodiversity champions. Programmes with potential 1 In response to this call, the Union Budget 2023 mentioned “Green Growth” as one of the seven priorities or Saptarishis. The emphasis on green growth is welcome news for Ind...
Turn off the tap of urban bias in rural development
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Turn off the tap of urban bias in rural development The divide between the rural and the urban has grown due to an inherent urban bias among policymakers and institutions, including the government. 1 This happens because groups in urban areas are able to effectively influence these institutions in their favour. 2 Second, the spill-over from markets in urban areas is also limited to the rural areas that are closer to urban settlements. 3 This is known as the spill-over effect where the development of rural areas is dependent on larger urban cores. Consequently, rural areas which are far away from the urban core not only suffer from a lack of development but also keep falling behind rural areas which are closer to the urban core. It is for this reason that the state must step in to correct the rural-urban disparity by having in place special and targeted measures to develop rural areas. The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), launched in August 2019, is on...
Constitutional oath is not a mere formality
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Constitutional oath is not a mere formality The authors were among the petitioners before the Supreme Court in the case relating to the appointment of Justice Victoria Gowri A Constitution is the basic law that lays the foundation for the governance of a country. It lays down broad policy/directives for the authorities and institutions tasked with its implementation. Basic eligibility criteria for appointment to several high constitutional offices are prescribed in the Constitution. Yet, many silent disqualifications operate. These are implied and read into the eligibility criteria by courts, solely guided by the objective of upholding the Constitution and the law and the integrity of the institution for which the functionary is chosen. Importing a disqualification In B.R. Kapur v. State of Tamil Nadu (2001), the Governor’s appointment of Jayalalithaa as Chief Minister despite her conviction for a criminal offence was called in question. Article 164(1) of the Constitution does not pres...
Not a pipe dream
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Not a pipe dream Functional tap water is a basic necessity that must be provided to all households Among the marquee schemes that the government hopes to showcase ahead of the general election next year is the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM). The aim here is to provide piped water to every rural household by 2024. In the Budget address, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman apportioned ₹69,684 crore, a 27% increase, from the ₹54,808 crore from the revised estimates of financial year 2022. However, the outlay reflects the extent of the work that remains. Of the targeted 19.3 crore rural households, only 3.2 crore had piped water in August 2019. The JJM dashboard on the Jal Shakti Ministry website says that as of February 2023, over 11 crore households, or about 57% of the targeted, now have tap water. While that is an impressive jump in percentage points for three years, it will be difficult with only 12 months to go to ensure that the remaining 47% are connected. So far, only the States of Goa,...
Hill or city, urban planning cannot be an afterthought
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Hill or city, urban planning cannot be an afterthought Varun Gandhi — ‘The Indian Metropolis: Deconstructing India’s Urban Spaces’ On December 24, 2009, a tunnel boring machine in Joshimath, Uttarakhand, hit an aquifer about three kilometres from Selang village. This resulted in the loss of nearly 800 litres of water per second (enough to sustain the needs of nearly 30 lakh people per day). Soon after, groundwater sources began drying up even as the water flow reduced but never stopped. Meanwhile, Joshimath has no system to manage wastewater. Instead, the large-scale use of the soak-pit mechanism could exacerbate land sinking. Ongoing infrastructure projects (the Tapovan Vishnugad dam and the Helang-Marwari bypass road) may also worsen the situation. The problem in hilly urban India Land subsidence incidents in hilly urban India are becoming increasingly common —an estimated 12.6% of India’s land area is prone to landslides, especially in Sikkim, West Bengal and Uttarakhand. Urban...
धूमकेतु
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धूमकेतु धूमकेतु ऐसे खगोलीय पिंड हैं, जिनकी धुएं जैसी लंबी चमकदार पूंछ होती है। इनको पुच्छल तारा भी कहते है। पहले लोग इनको देखकर भयभीत हो जाया करते थे। वे इनको विनाश का सूचक समझते थे। लेकिन अब लोगों को इनके रहस्य का पता चल गया है और अब वे ऐसा नहीं समझते। धूमकेतु सौर परिवार के अनेक आकाशीय पिंडों की तरह है। पृथ्वी की भांति इनका भी एक निश्चित पथ है, लेकिन इनका आकार भिन्न होता है। ऐसा अनुमान है कि 100 वर्ष में लगभग 1000 धूमकेतु होते हैं, जिनको बगैर दूरबीन के देखा जा सकता है। हेली धूमकेतु इनमें सबसे प्रसिद्ध है, जो 76 वर्ष बाद सूर्य के पास से गुजरता है। इसको सबसे पहले इंग्लैण्ड के खगोलविद् एडमंड हेली ने सन् 1682 में देखा था। उन्हीं के नाम पर इसे हेली धूमकेतु कहते हैं। अभी कुछ वर्ष पहले सन् 1986 में इसे देखा गया था। उस समय गिओटी स्पेस प्रोब ने इसके फोटो लिए। अब इसे सन् 2061 में देखा जाएगा। अब तक खोजे गए सभी धूमकेतुओं में हेली सबसे बड़ा है। धूमकेतु के तीन भाग होते है। नाभि, सिर, तथा पूंछ। नाभि धूमकेतु के सिर का सबसे चकीला भाग है। नाभि का व्यास 100-10,000 मीटर तक हो सकता है। हेली धूमकेतु की नाभ...
उल्का और उल्कापिंड
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उल्का और उल्कापिंड कभी-कभी रात के समय आकाश में कोई चमकता बिंदु, चमकीली रेखा खींचता हुआ गायब हो जाता है। इसे सामान्यतः तारा टूटना कहते है। लेकिन तारे तो कभी टूटते नहीं टूटकर गिरने वाले ये पिंड तारे नहीं बल्कि उल्काएं होती हैं। ये बड़ी तेज गति से पृथ्वी के वायुमंडल में प्रवेश करते हैं और हवा में रगड़ खाकर जल उठते हैं। उनका यह जलना ही हमें टूटते तारा जैसा नजर आता है। उल्काएं नहीं सौर परिवार की सदस्य हैं। जब कोई खगोलीय पिंड गति करता हुआ पृथ्वी के पास आता है तो धरती की आकर्षण शक्ति से खिंचकर पृथ्वी की ओर आता है और पृथ्वी पर गिर पड़ता है। आसमान के गिरी हुई सभी उल्काएं धरती तक नहीं पहुंचती। उनमें से अधिकांश रास्ते में ही हवा की रगड़ से जलकर नष्ट हो जाती हैं या भाप और राख बन जाती हैं, लेकिन जब कोई उल्का पूरी तरह नहीं जल पाती और धरती पर गिर जाती है तब उसके अवशेष को उल्कापिंड कहते हैं। चंद्रमा, मंगल और बुध ग्रहों पर उल्कापिंडों के गिरने से ही गड्ढ़े बन गए हैं। पृथ्वी पर सबसे बड़ा गढ्डा जो उत्तरी ऐरिजोना में है, शायद उल्कापिंड के टकराने से बना। 1265 मीटर व्यास के इस क्रेटर की गहराई 175 मीटर है। य...
छुद्र ग्रह
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छुद्र ग्रह ग्रह और उनके चंद्रमा और परिवार के बड़े सदस्य हैं। इनके अलावा कुछ नन्हें सदस्य भी हैं, जिन्हें छुद्र ग्रह कहते हैं। मंगल और बृहस्पति ग्रहों के बीच की पट्टी से सबसे अधिक छुद्र ग्रह है। सूर्य से इनकी दूरी 2.2-3.3 au है। ये भी सूर्य की परिक्रमा कर रहे हैं। ऐसा अनुमान है कि इस पट्टी में 40,000 से 50,000 तक छुद्र ग्रह हैं। इनमें से अधिकांश इतने छोटे हैं कि प्रचलित तरीकों से उनका व्यास भी नहीं मापा जा सकता। इनमें सबसे बड़ा सेरेज है, जिसका व्यास 1003 से 1040 किमी. है। इसकी खोज सन् 1801 में हुई थी। केवल एक ही छुद्र ग्रह ऐसा है, जो बिना दूरबीन के दिखाई पड़ता है, वह है 4 वेस्ता, जिसका व्यास 555 किमी. है। जिस छुद्र ग्रह की दूरी पृथ्वी के सबसे निकट आने पर नापी गई, वह है हमीज। पृथ्वी से इसकी दूरी 780,000 किमी. या 0.006 au थी। यह अब लुप्त हो गया है। कोई नहीं जानता कि छुद्र ग्रह कैसे बने। कुछ लोगों का अनुमान है कि ये किसी ग्रह के टुकड़े हैं जो कभी मंगल और बृहस्पति के बीच में स्थित रहा होगा। ऐसा भी कहा जाता है कि ये मंगल और बृहस्पति ग्रह के ही टूटे हुए हिस्से हैं। कुछ छुद्र ग्रह धूमकेतु के भ...
क्वासर
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क्वासर क्वासर शब्द क्वासी स्टैलर रेडियो सोर्सेज का संक्षिप्त रूप है। क्वासर एक तारे की तरह दिखाई देते हैं। प्रकाशीय दूरबीन से ये साधारण धुंधले तारों जैसे लगते हैं, लेकिन रेडियों दूरबीन परीक्षणों से पता चला है कि ये रेडियों तरंगों के स्रोत हैं। मार्टेन श्मिट ने सन् 1962 में 3C-273 क्वासर का पता लगाया। इसमें अवरक्त विस्थापन Z का मान 0.158 था। यह तरंग गति का एक प्रभाव है, जो गतिशील वस्तुओं के साथ देखने को मिलता है। इसके पास आने वाले प्रकाश के स्रोत के स्पेक्ट्रम का विस्थापन बैंगनी रंग की तरफ और दूर जाने वाले प्रकाश स्रोत के स्पेक्ट्रम का विस्थापन लाल रंग की ओर होता है। अवरक्त विस्थापन, प्रकाश स्रोत के दूर जाने को दर्शाता है। क्वासर से हमें प्रकाश के साथ रेडियों तरंगे और एक्स किरणे भी मिलती हैं। एक क्वासर का आकार हमारी मंदाकिनी का 1/100,000वां हिस्सा होता है, लेकिन इसकी चमक 100-200 गुना अधिक होती है। अभी तक 1500 क्वासरों की खोज की जा चुकी है।
ब्लैक होल
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ब्लैक होल सूर्य से भी तीन गुने विशाल तारों के समाप्त होने पर अंतरिक्ष के कुछ काले क्षेत्र बच जाते हैं जिन्हें ब्लैक होल कहते है। इनका गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल इतना अधिक होता है कि कोई भी वस्तु जो ब्लैक होल में चली जाती है, बाहर नहीं आ सकती। यहां तक कि प्रकाश भी गुरूत्वाकर्षण के कारण बाहर नहीं आ पाता। सन् 1972 में सबसे पले ब्लैक होल की पहचान की गई थी। यह सिग्नल एक्स-1 के दुहरे तारे में था। यह दुहरा तारा एक्स किरणों का स्रोत है। यह उसका एक छोटा साथी है जो बिल्कुल काला है। यह न्यूट्रॉन तारा नहीं है, इसलिए इनको ब्लैक होल कहते हैं। सामान्यतः ब्लैक होल से एक्स किरणे और अवरक्त विकिरण निकलते हैं। इन्हीं विकिरणों के आधार पर अंतरिक्ष में ब्लैक होलों का पता लगाया जाता है। ब्लैक होलों का द्रव्यमान 10 करोड़ सूर्यो के बराबर तक हो सकता है।
India’s law and order matrix needs a reboot
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India’s law and order matrix needs a reboot The annual All India Conference of Directors General/Inspectors General of Police which was held recently, witnessed a departure from the past, when some aspects that were discussed found their way into the public domain. This led to an element of controversy over the management of certain issues, specially on the border, but little else. In its present form, the DGPs/IGPs conference is a relatively new construct (1980), superseding हटाकर उसका स्थान ले लेना the earlier annual conference of Heads of Intelligence and CIDs of different States. The latter conference used to deal mainly with the 🌺nitty-gritty of police work, 🌺 viz., intelligence, crime and criminal investigation, 🌺 technology and the forensic aspects, while the conference now additionally deals with a host of other issues including Policy and personnel matters. I n-depth discussion is taking a hit The proliferation बढ़ोतरी of subjects up for discu...
problem with peer review system
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In scholarly peer-review, discard bath water, keep baby The chief output of scientists’ labours are articles published in peer-reviewed journals. A scholar submits a manuscript to a journal of her choice. and the journal editor sends it out to scholars familiar with the subject matter of the manuscript for their expert opinion. This peer-review often consists / including of a 🌺summary of the manuscript’s contents, followed by a catalogue सूचीपत्र of all that is 🌺right or wrong with the manuscript, 🌺ending with a recommendation to accept or reject. If the recommendation is to accept, there are usually suggestions for revising the manuscript to make it more suitable for that journal. The bedrock सुदृढ़ आधार (प्रायः तथ्यों या सिद्घांतों का of knowledge production Pre-publication peer-review is the bedrock of modern scientific knowledge production. Peer-reviewed articles are not flawless but being peer-reviewed is a necessary condition for the paper’...
infrastructure and GDP growth creating job ?
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infrastructure and GDP growth creating job ? India must avoid growing into a dystopia The Budget that was presented recently, has received almost universal praise in the English language media. Clearly, those who praise it are happy with their own economic situation or at least view their economic future as bright. How representative this cohort जत्था is is moot विचार योग्य नहीं, विवादग्रस्त. Anyhow, they see the Budget as pro-growth, and their prognosis is plausible. Data presented in this newspaper (January 13, 2023) show private investment plans during the first nine months of this year to be over 50% greater than what they were a year ago. India it seems is on a roll as far as economic growth is concerned. But is income all we should be concerned with when valuing an economy? As in many other instances, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has led the focus on the size of India’s economy . In 2019, upon re-election, he proposed a target of $5 trillion wi...
India France relation
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Exploring the blue in the India-France partnership The celebration by India and France of 25 years 1 of their strategic partnership (January 26) presents an important opportunity for both to introspect on their relations. 2 Signed in 1998, the time-tested strategic partnership has continued to gain momentum over shared values and aspirations of peace, stability and, most importantly, their desire for strategic autonomy. 3 There are no real substantive disagreements between the two nations. 4 France has emerged as a key trading partner of India 🌺with annual trade of $12.42 billion in 2021-22. 🌺 It is the 11th largest foreign investor in India with a cumulative investment of $10.31 billion from April 2000 to June 2022, 🌺which represents 1.70% of the total foreign direct investment inflows into India. The big picture 1 More importantly, it has emerged as a key defence partner for India 🌺becoming the second largest defence supplie...
तुर्की में भूकंप आने का कारण ???
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Turkey’s proneness to earthquakes It comes from its tectonic location. The Earth’s outermost layer comprises of some 15 major slabs, called tectonic plates. The boundaries between these plates are a system of faults – fractures between two blocks of rocks. Any sudden movement along these faults can cause earthquakes, according to the British Archaeological Survey. Turkey is located on the Anatolian tectonic plate which is wedged between the Eurasian and African plates. On the north side, the minor Arabian plate further restricts movement. One fault line — the North Anatolian fault (NAF) line, the meeting point of the Eurasian and Anatolian tectonic plates — is known to be “particularly devastating”. The NAF, one of the best-understood fault systems in the world, stretches from the south of Istanbul to northeastern Turkey, and has caused catastrophic earthquakes in the past. In 1999 itself it caused two earthquakes — of 7.4 and 7.0 ...
summary of budget in term of expenditure
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Fiscal consolidation in the context of the Budget The Budget for 2023-24 has attempted to address the aspirations of different segments of society . It is a good effort in a difficult situation. But how far do the Budget provisions go to meet the two fundamental goals of growth and stability? The two must go together for sustained growth over the medium term, which will be the answer to many of India’s socioeconomic problems. Budgetary support to growth Growth is affected by the size of government expenditure and its revenue and capital components. Government expenditure is budgeted to grow at 7.5% while nominal GDP growth is estimated to fall from 15.4% in 2022-23 to 10.5% in 2023-24. Thus, the total expenditure relative to GDP is shown to fall from 15.3% in 2022-23 (RE) to 14.9% in 2023-24 (BE). The composition of government expenditure, however, would be growth positive. Increase in the Centre’s capital expenditure is budgeted at 37% while that in revenue expe...