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GPT-4 — a shift from ‘what it can do’ to ‘what it augurs ’ Do you want help to prepare for the bar examination, plan a birthday party, or even translate Ukrainian to Punjabi?  A single artificial intelligence (AI) model can do it all.  A U.S. company, OpenAI, has once again sent shock waves around the world, this time with GPT-4, its latest AI model.  This large language model can understand and produce language that is creative and meaningful, and will power an advanced version of the company’s sensational chatbot, ChatGPT.  Currently, GPT-4 is available to try by premium subscription or by getting on OpenAI’s waitlist. GPT-4 and what it can do GPT-4 is a remarkable improvement over its predecessor, GPT-3.5 1  which first powered ChatGPT. GPT-4 is more conversational and creative.  2  Its biggest innovation is that it can accept text and image input simultaneously, and consider both while drafting a reply.  For example, if given an image of ing...

  Artificial lakes  in India are built for industrial or agricultural uses, hydroelectric power generation or residential water supply, aesthetic or recreational purposes, or both. Man-made reservoirs, often known as artificial lakes, are vital sources of water in many nations across the world. Artificial lakes,  also known as reservoirs, are utilized as a supply of water all over the world. Artificial lakes  are often built by diverting a part of a river and storing the water in a reservoir behind a dam. Water flow and precipitation contribute to the reservoir throughout seasonal shifts, preventing evaporation. They are also  constructed by digging  land or by using dykes to enclose the water. Artificial lakes  come in a variety of sizes, each with its own purpose for home or industrial use, such as irrigation, stormwater management, electricity, and resource storage Kodaikanal Lake  in Tamil Nadu is another example of Artificial (manmade) Lake. ...

The need for sector-specific safeguards in ‘techade’ India’s digital economy   is set to reach a whopping $1 trillion by 2026. People are going digital rapidly for everything — from shopping and socialising to education and government services. massive amounts of personal data But, as we embrace अंगीकार करना convenience, सुविधा  we are also generating massive amounts of personal data.  Understanding how this data is handled and protected is fast becoming critical. The Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Bill 2022  that was proposed recently, comes after five years of discussion and deliberation on a framework to safeguard citizens’ information from misuse and unauthorised access.  Even as the Bill outlines रूपरेखा बनाना citizens’ rights over their personal data and the responsibilities of data collectors, it lacks specificity in certain clauses such as the interaction with sectoral data protection regulations. On sectoral regulation, global approaches The...

Is India in the grip of a ‘stray dog’ crisis? news In recent weeks, there have been many attacks by stray dogs on people, especially children. With an estimated 1.5-6 crore stray canines कुत्तों  roaming around the streets in India,  questions are being raised about the implementation of municipality laws and cultural attitudes of tolerance towards stray dogs. Is there a stray dog crisis in India? And is this a problem unique to India?  This is not an Indian problem  it is very much a global issue. And this is primarily because of our relationship with dogs. We like dogs, we want to keep them and they breed prolifically. Globally, supply always tends to exceed the demand for dogs  As a result, the surplus animals end up on the streets. The difference (between countries) lies in how we address the problem.  The U.S. has a zero-tolerance policy   for stray dogs and up to three million dogs and cats are euthanised every year.  In India we allow tho...

The Neora Valley National Park (NVNP) covers a total area of 88 km². NVNP is a compact patch of virgin forest, rich in biodiversity located in the Eastern Himalayas, a global 'biodiversity hotspot'.  It was notified as a National Park based on the provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 in the year 1992. boundary  It is contiguous समीपस्थ with Sikkim and Bhutan at its northern and north-eastern boundaries respectively and links the Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary in Sikkim and the Toorsa Strict Reserve of Bhutan.  It is also an integral part of the Kanchenjunga Landscape. The southern boundaries of the Park are adjoining to the forests of Jalpaiguri district which have connectivity with the Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary and the Gorumara National Park. NVNP is one of the three PAs in Darjeeling district of West Bengal   and the most undisturbed patch of forest of the State. It is unique and ecologically important as it includes a relatively inaccessible patch ...

Concerted  / solid effort alone can save earth from worst of climate change effects अकेले ठोस प्रयास ही पृथ्वी को जलवायु परिवर्तन के सबसे बुरे प्रभावों से बचा सकते हैं what is IPCC ?? The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988. IPCC is both a scientific body and an organization of governments. Its job is to tell governments what scientists know about climate change.  It also examines the impacts of climate change and options for dealing with it. The IPCC does this by assessing peer-reviewed scientific literature. The influential Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has made public its final ‘Synthesis’ report  which is part of the Sixth Assessment Cycle. Since 1990, when the IPCC began publicising its compilation of global scientific research linking greenhouse gas emissions with changes in weather and climate.  the evidence...

पुरानी पेंशन योजना गरीबों पर बोझ परिचय पुरानी पेंशन योजना यानी ओल्ड पेंशन स्कीम (OPS) के तहत सरकार साल 2004 से पहले कर्मचारियों को रिटायरमेंट के बाद एक निश्चित पेंशन देती थी.  यह पेंशन कर्मचारी के रिटायरमेंट के समय उनके वेतन पर आधारित होती थी. उस समय सैलरी का 50 प्रतिशत हिस्सा दिया जाता था । इसकी पूरी राशि का भुगतान सरकार करती थी. इस स्कीम में रिटायर हुए कर्मचारी की मौत के बाद उनके परिजनों को भी पेंशन दी जाती थी. पुरानी पेंशन योजना (Old Pension Scheme -OPS) को दिसंबर 2003 में दिवंगत अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी सरकार ने खत्म कर दिया था.  इसके बाद राष्ट्रीय पेंशन योजना (National Pension Scheme-NPS) लागू की गई. एनपीएस 1 अप्रैल, 2004 से प्रभावी है.  वहीं, NPS    उन कर्मचारियों के लिए है, जो 1 अप्रैल 2004 के बाद सरकारी नौकरी में शामिल हुए. कर्मचारी अपनी सैलरी से 10 फीसदी हिस्सा पेंशन के लिए योगदान करते हैं. इसके अलावा राज्य सरकार 14 फीसदी योगदान देती है. पेंशन का पूरा पैसा पेंशन रेगुलेटर PFRDA के पास जमा होता है, जो इसे निवेश करता है. 🥝🥝🥝🍅🍅🥝🥝 पुरानी पेंशन योजना (ओपीएस)...

Discrimination in the IITs is something to write about Darshan Solanki an undergraduate student of chemical engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, ended his life on February 12, 2023.  He was a Dalit. The institute formed a 12-member committee to conduct an investigation, which submitted its report on March 2.  The report said, “It appears from the marks obtained in various courses that the performance of Darshan Solanki deteriorated ह्रासित specifically in the second half of the autumn semester.  His deteriorating academic performance could have affected him seriously.” The report further said: “Other than the statement of Darshan’s sister, there is no specific evidence of direct caste-based discrimination faced by him during his stay at IIT Bombay.” A continuous process Unlike the hard sciences, establishing causal links of discrimination is challenging. However, the lack of tools to establish causality does not negate the presence of discrimin...

A grave or big  mistake in Great Nicobar In unprecedented haste, जल्दी the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has cleared the decks धन for a mega project at the cost of about ₹70,000 crore at the southern tip of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. support  NITI Aayog is piloting the project and the Andaman  and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation is the project proponent समर्थक .  The ‘Holistic Development of Great Nicobar Island’ project   1  aims to develop an international transhipment port of 14.2 mTEU cargo capacity at Galathea Bay along the island’s south-eastern coast, 2 an international airport to support 4,000 passengers during peak hours, 3 a 450 MVA gas and solar-based power plant,  4  and an ecotourism and residential township of about 160 sq km.  5  The government hopes to establish the offices of multinational corporations by cutting ✂️ about a million trees in the tropical rai...

जाति व्यवस्था को लेकर क्या कहना था तुलसीदास का ? “ सुना है, आप जाति-पांति नहीं मानते?”  “मानता हूँ और नहीं भी मानता।”  “कैसे?”  “वर्णाश्रम धर्म को मानता हूँ परन्तु प्रेम धर्म को वर्णाश्रम से भी ऊपर मानता हूँ।” युवक मण्डली तुलसी की हाजिर जवाबी से अब चिढ़ उठी थी। उनमें से एक तीखा पड़ा, बोला— “आप क्या अवधूत हैं?”  दूसरा बोला—“अजी अवधूत-वौधूत कुछ भी नहीं। विशुद्ध पाखण्डी हैं ये। जो एक नीच-हत्यारे के पैर धोए, उसे भोजन कराए, वह ब्राह्मण भी कदापि नहीं हो सकता।”  “तो इनको ब्राह्मण कहता ही कौन है। यह किसी ब्राह्मणी कुलटा के गर्भ से उत्पन्न राजपूत हैं।”

समशीतोष्ण अल्पाइन क्षेत्र अल्पाइन वन 2,500 से 3,500 मीटर के बीच की ऊंचाई पर हैं। समशीतोष्ण क्षेत्र मुख्य रूप से उष्णकटिबंधीय और ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रों के बीच स्थित है। समशीतोष्ण क्षेत्र को चौड़ी और शंकुधारी वन की विशेषता है । समशीतोष्ण क्षेत्र में ओक, मेपल, रोडोडेंड्रोन और बर्च के वन हैं। वहीं अर्द्ध अल्पाइन वन कश्मीर से लेकर के अरुणाचल प्रदेश तक 2900 से 3500 मीटर की ऊंचाई के बीच में स्थित है । इनमें मुख्य रूप से पश्चिमी हिमालय में जूनिफर ,रोड़ोंडेंड्रोंस विलो ,काली किशमिश के पेड़ पौधे पाए जाते हैं । पूर्वी हिमालय की प्रमुख वनस्पतियों में लाल देवदार ,काला जेनिफर , भुर्ज और लर्च हैं ।

Kerala must discard centralised waste-processing, reduce its trash The landfill fire in Brahmapuram, on March 2 has turned the spotlight on the State’s ineffectual solid-waste management practices — from a widespread lack of waste segregation at source to discrepancies between contractors’ actions to maintain the landfill and their obligations. This was not the first fire at Brahmapuram. Studies by the CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, in 2019 and 2020, concluded that the many fires released highly toxic substances into their surroundings; they are also likely to have been released in this fire. These facts indicate two problems — solid waste accumulated at the site, and it was not removed quickly enough. And, also, two kinds of failure. First, Kochi’s solid-waste management apparatus is too tenuous for the amount of waste it produces and the Brahmapuram waste-to-energy plant is dysfunctional. The former is a pan-India problem, due to overconsumption...

Malprabha river map मालप्रभा नदी के बारे में जानकारी

Moving forward with a newer concept of UHC Do we believe in health as a basic human right, which India’s Constitution guarantees under right to life?  In contrast, we believe in the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of health: 1  a certain totality of health to the realms / sector of mental and social well-being and happiness beyond physical fitness, and an absence of disease and disability.  2  This means that we cannot achieve health in its wider definition without addressing health determinants  निर्धारकों  .  3  This necessitates a need for an intersectoral convergence  अभिसरण  beyond  medical and health departments such as women and child development, food and nutrition, agriculture and animal husbandry, civil supplies, rural water supply and sanitation, social welfare, tribal welfare, education, forestry. We all subscribed to the slogan “Health for All by 2000 ”  that was proposed by Halfdan Mahler and endorsed...

Slow steps to India-China border tranquillity India and China appear to be moving towards a new modus ढंग vivendi / temporary to maintain peace and tranquillity along their disputed 4,000 kilometre border. In 2020, the older arrangements, shaped by the agreements of 1993, 1996, 2005 and 2013, came apart in Ladakh after the Chinese massed troops in Tibet and established blockades at six points on the Line of Actual Control (LAC) to prevent Indian troops from patrolling the border. new measures may be needed across the LAC, and not just in Ladakh A clash at Galwan in June 2020 led to the deaths of 20 Indian and four Chinese soldiers, the first such losses on the LAC since 1975. The Sino-Indian clash, in December 2022, at Yangtse, north-east of Tawang, suggests that new measures may be needed across the LAC, and not just in Ladakh. Attempts to ease the border situation There are reported to have been important discussions   1  that took place when Shilpak Ambule, Joint Secretar...

The plan of a ‘right of way’ in South India When the Ayodhya movement led to the dramatic rise in the Bharatiya Janata Party( BJP)’s Lok Sabha seat tally — two in 1984 and 85 seats in 1989 — it was explained away as a largely North Indian story. The BJP, it was further argued, would not be able to replicate these results in the south because of its distinct history. By 2008, with the formation of the BJP government in Karnataka, the argument turned out to be wrong. Clearly, the south is neither invincible nor impenetrable for the Hindu Right, though it does offer some challenges that are of a different kind when compared to the other regions of India. Ever since 2014, when the BJP came to power at the Centre, the party has unleashed an aggressive campaign at multiple levels to win over the rest of the south. While it is hard to predict when the BJP could emerge to be electorally hegemonic in the south, the right is showing great determination to mobilise voters in every southern State....