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 # **पानी की उत्पत्ति: ब्रह्मांड में जीवन की शुरुआत कैसे हुई?**   *(Water's Origin: How Did Life Begin in the Universe?)*   ## **मुख्य बिंदु (The GIST)**   - **पानी (Water)** ब्रह्मांड में हाइड्रोजन (Hydrogen) और कार्बन मोनोऑक्साइड (Carbon Monoxide) के बाद तीसरा सबसे **अधिक मात्रा में पाया जाने वाला अणु (Molecule)** है, लेकिन इसकी उत्पत्ति रहस्यमय रही है।   - शोधकर्ताओं ने पाया कि पानी के निर्माण के लिए **आवश्यक परिस्थितियाँ (Required Conditions)** तब मौजूद थीं जब **पहले सुपरनोवा (Supernovae)** ने ब्रह्मांड को रोशन किया।   - विशालकाय तारे (Massive Stars) फटे और हाइड्रोजन, ऑक्सीजन (Oxygen) तथा अन्य तत्व छोड़े। **ऑक्सीजन ने हाइड्रोजन के साथ मिलकर पानी बनाया।**   - नवीनतम निष्कर्ष बताते हैं कि **पहले सुपरनोवा ने इतना पानी पैदा किया कि शिशु ब्रह्मांड (Infant Universe)** भीग गया।   - इसका मतलब है कि **गैलेक्सी (Galaxies)** बनने से पहले ही **ग्रह (Planets)** बन सकते थे और **जीवन (Life)** शुरू करने के लिए पर्याप्त पानी मौजूद था।   ---   ## **पह...

  Multiple vaccine-related petitions that have been filed before courts reflect growing concerns about how vaccines are approved and administered in India multiple petitions about vaccines Over the last few years, multiple petitions have been filed before the courts regarding vaccines. While most of them pertain to COVID-19 vaccines, two of them pertain to a rabies vaccine and a rotavirus vaccine.  they reflect growing concerns related to how vaccines are approved and administered in India. Concerns in petitions It would be a mistake to dismiss these petitions as part of the larger ‘anti-vax’ movement, which is fuelled primarily by conspiracy theories. One of these petitions was filed by a group in Kerala before the Supreme Court. The group complained about deaths caused due to the alleged failure of anti-rabies vaccine. Other petitions raise questions about transparency of clinical trial data, inadequate disclosure of the side-effects of vaccines, the monitoring of vaccine-re...

 फ्रूट फ्लाई (फल मक्खी) के **म्यूटेंट्स** का मतलब है ऐसी फल मक्खियाँ जिनके जीन्स (आनुवंशिक कोड) में कुछ बदलाव (उत्परिवर्तन) किया गया है। ये बदलाव प्राकृतिक रूप से हो सकते हैं या वैज्ञानिकों द्वारा प्रयोगशाला में जानबूझकर किए जा सकते हैं। इन म्यूटेंट्स का उपयोग वैज्ञानिक यह समझने के लिए करते हैं कि किसी विशेष जीन का काम क्या है और उसके बदलाव से जीव के व्यवहार, शारीरिक संरचना या जैविक प्रक्रियाओं पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ता है। ### उदाहरण के तौर पर: इस आर्टिकल में, वैज्ञानिकों ने फल मक्खियों के जीन्स में ऐसे बदलाव किए जिनसे उनमें **नींद की कमी** और **PKA सिग्नलिंग पथ** का स्तर बढ़ गया। इसके बाद उन्होंने देखा कि इन म्यूटेंट फल मक्खियों में याददाश्त और सीखने की क्षमता बेहतर हो गई, लेकिन उनकी नींद कम हो गई और उनका जीवनकाल भी छोटा हो गया। ### म्यूटेंट्स का महत्व: - म्यूटेंट्स का अध्ययन करके वैज्ञानिक यह समझते हैं कि कौन सा जीन किस प्रक्रिया को नियंत्रित करता है। - यह शोध मनुष्यों में नींद, याददाश्त और उम्र से जुड़े रोगों (जैसे अल्जाइमर, अनिद्रा) को समझने में मदद कर सकता है। - फल मक्खियों का जीन...

  Without addressing the intersectional realities of caste, class, gender, and the digital divide, the gender budget will continue to fail India’s women The Union Budget 2025-26 has been hailed for its increased allocation towards women-centric schemes, with the total gender budget rising to ₹4.49 lakh crore, marking a 37.25% increase from the previous fiscal year’s allocation of ₹3.27 lakh crore. The increased allocation is substantial even if one factors in an inflationary rate of approximately 3.61%. Despite rising allocations, poor results The amount allocated for the gender budget has increased consistently — ₹1,71,006.47 crore in 2022-23, ₹2,38,219.75 in 2023-24, ₹3,27,158.44 in 2024-25 and ₹4,49,028.68 in 2025-26. This signifies the government’s clear intent to bridge gender disparities. But despite the increase in the expenditure, the economic benefits to women have not percolated in the same ratio. Specifically, tangible benefits to women, particularly from marginalised po...

Linguistic policies risk undermining India’s global and technological ambitions technological disruption and the hammer of cultural nationalism India stands at a critical juncture, caught between the anvil of technological disruption and the hammer of cultural nationalism.  While the Union government champions  economic independence  global technological leadership —exemplified by Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s co-chairing of the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Action Summit in Paris in February —  But its linguistic policies risk undermining these ambitions. Some examples The call by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) chief recently to reject English, western attire,  and customs —   Maharashtra’s push for Marathi use/promotion to be mandatory in government offices — reveals a deepening ideological contradiction.  Status of English language in India English, which is one of India’s official languages, and also the de-facto medium of higher educat...

  The Indian Prime Minister’s forthcoming visit is a reminder that India-Mauritius ties need to remain firm in today’s uncertain world In our current era of geopolitical churn and uncertainty, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’ visit to Mauritius (March 11-12, 2025),.  Modi had last visited the island country in 2015, but on this occasion, he will be the guest of honour at its Independence Day celebrations on March 12.   Mauritius has a new government in power led by Navinchandra Ramgoolam of the Labour Party, whose coalition won a landslide victory in the elections held in November last year.  While India-Mauritius relations will continue to be positive and stable, the visit provides an opportunity for Mr. Modi to establish a personal connect with Mr. Ramgoolam and reassure him of India’s continuing support to the island’s security and prosperity. It was during the latter half of my tenure as India’s High Commissioner to Mauritius (1992-97) that Mr. Ramgoolam was Pr...

  With India continuing to push the boundaries of scientific and technological advancement, it must ensure the full inclusion of women in  this journey what discourage girls from pursuing science  Educational barriers, such as limited access to quality schools and gendered societal norms, can discourage girls from pursuing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM).  they prioritise family over careers, severely jeopardising professional growth.  Gender stereotypes further restrict opportunities, affecting hiring, promotions and funding.  Harassment and discrimination in academic settings add another dimension of hostility that push many women out of the field. A study of STEM scientists A study of STEM scientists across 38 countries reveals higher attrition rates for women, driven by  non-inclusive workplaces,  work-life balance struggles,  and limited access to high-impact research. These barriers will    slow career...

  Public spaces, which are arenas where socio-economic life thrives, need to be reshaped where women feel safe and welcome most unsafe countries for women India is often considered to be one of the most unsafe countries for women , a reality that demands urgent and deliberate change.  India was ranked 128 among 177 countries rated in Women, Peace and Security Index 2023.  Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) Index - Key Details First Published : 2017 Headquarters : Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., USA Frequency : The survey is conducted every two years (biennial). Conducted By : The Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security (GIWPS) in collaboration with the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) . three primary dimensions: Inclusion: Education (average years of schooling) Financial inclusion (percentage of women with bank accounts) Employment (percentage of women in the workforce) Mobile phone use Parliamentary representation Justice: Absence of legal discr...